Handling Lexical Events

You saw earlier that if you are writing text out as XML, you need to know whether you are in a CDATA section. If you are, then angle brackets (<) and ampersands (&) should be output unchanged. But if you're not in a CDATA section, they should be replaced by the predefined entities < and &. But how do you know whether you're processing a CDATA section?

Then again, if you are filtering XML in some way, you want to pass comments along. Normally the parser ignores comments. How can you get comments so that you can echo them?

Finally, there are the parsed entity definitions. If an XML-filtering app sees &myEntity; it needs to echo the same string, and not the text that is inserted in its place. How do you go about doing that?

This section answers those questions. It shows you how to use org.xml.sax.ext.LexicalHandler to identify comments, CDATA sections, and references to parsed entities.

Comments, CDATA tags, and references to parsed entities constitute lexical information--that is, information that concerns the text of the XML itself, rather than the XML's information content. Most applications, of course, are concerned only with the content of an XML document. Such applications will not use the LexicalEventListener API. But applications that output XML text will find it invaluable.

Note: Lexical event handling is an optional parser feature. Parser implementations are not required to support it. (The reference implementation does so.) This discussion assumes that your parser does so.

How the LexicalHandler Works

To be informed when the SAX parser sees lexical information, you configure the XmlReader that underlies the parser with a LexicalHandler. The LexicalHandler interface defines these event-handling methods:

Tells when a CDATA section is starting and ending, which tells your application what kind of characters to expect the next time characters() is called

Working with a LexicalHandler

In the remainder of this section, you'll convert the Echo app into a lexical handler and play with its features.

To start, add the following highlighted code to implement the LexicalHandler interface and add the appropriate methods.

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
import org.xml.sax.ext.LexicalHandler;
...
public class Echo extends HandlerBase
  implements LexicalHandler
{ 
  public static void main(String argv[])
    {
      ...
      // Use an instance of ourselves as the SAX event handler
      DefaultHandler handler = new Echo();
      Echo handler = new Echo();
      ...

At this point, the Echo class extends one class and implements an additional interface. You have changed the class of the handler variable accordingly, so you can use the same instance as either a DefaultHandler or a LexicalHandler, as appropriate.

Next, add the following highlighted code to get the XMLReader that the parser delegates to, and configure it to send lexical events to your lexical handler:

public static void main(String argv[])
{
  ...
  try {
    ...
    // Parse the input
    SAXParser saxParser = factory.newSAXParser();
    XMLReader xmlReader = saxParser.getXMLReader();
    xmlReader.setProperty(
      "http://xml.org/sax/properties/lexical-handler",
      handler
      ); 
    saxParser.parse( new File(argv[0]), handler);
  } catch (SAXParseException spe) {
    ...

Here, you configure the XMLReader using the setProperty() method defined in the XMLReader class. The property name, defined as part of the SAX standard, is the URN, http://xml.org/sax/properties/lexical-handler.

Finally, add the following highlighted code to define the appropriate methods that implement the interface.

public void warning(SAXParseException err)
  ...
}

public void comment(char[] ch, int start, int length)
throws SAXException
{
}

public void startCDATA()
throws SAXException
{
}

pubic void endCDATA()
throws SAXException
{
}

public void startEntity(String name)
throws SAXException
{
}

public void endEntity(String name)
throws SAXException
{
}

public void startDTD(
  String name, String publicId, String systemId)
throws SAXException
{
}

public void endDTD()
throws SAXException
{
}

private void echoText()
  ...

You have now turned the Echo class into a lexical handler. In the next section, you'll start experimenting with lexical events.

Echoing Comments

The next step is to do something with one of the new methods. Add the following highlighted code to echo comments in the XML file:

public void comment(char[] ch, int start, int length)
  throws SAXException
{
  String text = new String(ch, start, length);
  nl(); 
  emit("COMMENT: "+text);
}

When you compile the Echo program and run it on your XML file, the result looks something like this:

COMMENT:   A SAMPLE set of slides 
COMMENT:  FOR WALLY / WALLIES 
COMMENT: 
  DTD for a simple "slide show". 
COMMENT:  Defines the %inline; declaration 
COMMENT:  ...

The line endings in the comments are passed as part of the comment string, again normalized to newlines. You can also see that comments in the DTD are echoed along with comments from the file. (That can pose problems when you want to echo only comments that are in the data file. To get around that problem, you can use the startDTD and endDTD methods.)

Echoing Other Lexical Information

To finish learning about lexical events, you'll exercise the remaining LexicalHandler methods.

Make the following highlighted changes to remove the comment echo (you no longer need that) and echo the other events, along with any characters that have been accumulated when an event occurs:

public void comment(char[] ch, int start, int length)
throws SAXException
{
  String text = new String(ch, start, length);
  nl(); 
  emit("COMMENT: "+text);
} 
public void startCDATA()
throws SAXException
{
  echoText();
  nl(); 
  emit("START CDATA SECTION");
} 
public void endCDATA()
throws SAXException
{
  echoText();
  nl(); 
  emit("END CDATA SECTION");
} 
public void startEntity(String name)
throws SAXException
{
  echoText();
  nl(); 
  emit("START ENTITY: "+name);
} 
public void endEntity(String name)
throws SAXException
{
  echoText();
  nl(); 
  emit("END ENTITY: "+name);
} 
public void startDTD(String name, String publicId, String 
systemId)
throws SAXException
{ 
  nl(); 
  emit("START DTD: "+name
    +"          publicId=" + publicId
    +"          systemId=" + systemId); 
} 
public void endDTD()
throws SAXException
{ 
  nl(); 
  emit("END DTD"); 
}

START DTD: slideshow
      publicId=null
      systemId=slideshow3.dtd
START ENTITY: ...
...
END DTD

Note: To see events that occur while the DTD is being processed, use org.xml.sax.ext.DeclHandler.

Here is some of the additional output you see when the internally defined products entity is processed with the latest version of the program:

START ENTITY: products
CHARS:   WonderWidgets
END ENTITY: products

And here is the additional output you see as a result of processing the external copyright entity:

  START ENTITY: copyright
  CHARS: 
This is the standard copyright message that our lawyers
make us put everywhere so we don't have to shell out a
million bucks every time someone spills hot coffee in their
lap...

  END ENTITY: copyright

  START CDATA SECTION
  CHARS:   Diagram:

frobmorten <--------------fuznaten
    |            <3>             ^
    | <1>                       |   <1> = fozzle
    V                       |   <2> = framboze 
  staten---------------------+   <3> = frenzle
            <2>

  END CDATA SECTION

In summary, the LexicalHandler gives you the event notifications you need to produce an accurate reflection of the original XML text.

Note: To accurately echo the input, you would modify the characters() method to echo the text it sees in the appropriate fashion, depending on whether or not the program was in CDATA mode.